Resources

For resources that are available online, you may download a PDF (you will need Acrobat Reader) or follow the access link. For other resources, an email link is provided to request the publication. The publications are shown in reverse chronological order.
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Research Articles and Reviews:

Glasier A. Oral contraception over the counter at last: A momentous occasion. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. Jan 2022;48(1):1-2.

Vega A, Choi YJ, Tschann M, Salcedo J. Over-the-counter access to levonorgestrel emergency contraception in South Texas: Does over-the-counter mean ready to buy? Contraception. Sep 2021;104(3):271-274.

Kilbride M, Joffe S, Fernandez Lynch H. Prescription requirements and patient autonomy: Consider an over-the-counter default. Hastings Cent Rep. 2020 Nov;50(6):15-26.

Sundstrom B, Smith E, Vyge K, et al. Moving oral contraceptives over the counter: Theory-based formative research to design communication strategy. J Health Commun. Apr 2 2020;25(4):313-322.

Grindlay K, Wollum A, Karver J, Grossman D. Over-the-counter oral contraceptive use among women in Mexico: Results from a national survey. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200778.
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Wollum A, Zuniga C, Lezama N, Grossman D, Grindlay K. A randomized study evaluating the effect of evidence-based information on clinician attitudes about moving oral contraceptives over the counter. J Womens Health. 2020. doi:10.1089/jwh.2020.8706.
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Sindhu K, Adashi E. Over-the-counter oral contraceptives to reduce unintended pregnancies. JAMA. 2020 Sep 8;324(10):939-940.

Wollum A, Trussell J, Grossman D, Grindlay K. Modeling the impacts of price of an over-the-counter progestin-only pill on use and unintended pregnancy amount US women. Womens Health Issues. 2020; 30(3):153-60.
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Zuniga C, Grossman D, Harrell S, Blanchard K, Grindlay K. Breaking down barriers to birth control access: An assessment of online platforms prescribing birth control in the USA. J Telemed Telcare. 2020 Jul;26(6):322-331.
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Grossman D. Expanding access to short-acting hormonal contraceptive methods in the United States. JAMA Intern MedJuly 8, 2019. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.1676.
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Kennedy CE, Yeh PT, Gonsalves L, et al. Should oral contraceptive pills be available without a prescription? A systematic review of over-the counter and pharmacy access availability. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4:e001402. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001402.

Peterson J, Brunie A, Diop I, Stanback J, Chin-Quee DS. Over the counter: The potential for easing pharmacy provision of family planning in urban Senegal. Gates Open Res. 2019 May; 3(2):29.

Nieuwinckel S, Cornwell S, De Meyer GRY, De Loof H. Hormonal contraception without a prescription: Opinions of pharmacists, general practitioners and gynaecologists in Flanders, Belgium. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2019 Apr;24(2):85-96.

Williams RL, Meredith AH, Ott, MA. Expanding adolescent access to hormonal contraception: An update on over-the-counter, pharmacist prescribing, and web-based telehealth approaches. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2018 Dec; 30(6):458-464.

Gómez AM, McCullough C, Hoff C. Expectations of future provision of pharmacist-prescribed hormonal contraception in California. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018, June; 218(6): 627-628.
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Grindlay K, Grossman D. Interest in over-the-counter access to a progestin-only pill among women in the United States. Women’s Health Issues. 2018, Mar-Apr; 28(2):144–151.
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Gómez AM. Availability of pharmacist-prescribed contraception in California, 2017. JAMA. 2017, Dec; 318(6):634–640.
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Upadhya K, Santelli J, Raine-Bennett T, Kottke M, Grossman D. Over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives for adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2017, June; 60(6):634–640.
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Yang YT, Kozhimannil KB, Snowden JM. Pharmacist-prescribed birth control in Oregon and other states. JAMA. 2016 Apr; 315(15):1567-8.

Grindlay K, Grossman D. Prescription birth control access among U.S. women at risk of unintended pregnancy. Journal of Women’s Health. 2016 Mar; 25(3):249-54.
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Rafie S, Kelly S, Gray EK, Wong M, Gibbs S, Harper CC. Provider opinions regarding expanding access to hormonal contraception in pharmacies. Womens Health Issues. 2016 Mar-Apr; 26(2):153-60.
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Grossman D. Over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2015 Dec; 42(4):619-29.
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Grossman D. The potential impact of over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives to reduce unintended pregnancy. American Family Physician. 2015 Dec; 92(11):968-9.
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Barot S. Moving oral contraceptives to over-the-counter status: Policy versus politics. Guttmacher Policy Review. 2015; 18(4).
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Barlassina L. Views and attitudes of oral contraceptive users towards their availability without a prescription in the Republic of Ireland. Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2015 Apr-Jun; 13(2):565.

Baum S, Burns B, Davis L, Yeung M, Scott C, Grindlay K, Grossman D. Perspectives among a diverse sample of women on the possibility of obtaining oral contraceptives over the counter: A qualitative study. Women’s Health Issues. 2016 Mar-Apr; 26(2):147-52.
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Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies on Endometrial Cancer. Endometrial cancer and oral contraceptives: an individual participant meta-analysis of 27,276 women with endometrial cancer from 36 epidemiological studies. The Lancet. 2015 Sep; 16(9):1061–1070.

Manski R, Kottke M. A survey of teenages’ attitudes toward moving oral contracpetives over the counter. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2015; 47(3).
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Foster DG, Biggs MA, Phillips KA, Grindlay K, Grossman D. Potential public sector cost-savings from over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives. Contraception. 2015;91(5):373-9.
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Grindlay K, Grossman D. Women’s perspectives on age restrictions for over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives. J Adolescent Health. 2015;56(1):38-43.
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Wahlin B, Grindlay K, Grossman D. Should oral contraceptives be available over the counter? Food and Drug Policy Forum. March 2014;4(3).
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Grindlay K, Foster DG, Grossman D. Attitudes toward over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives among a sample of abortion clients in the United States. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2014;46(2):83-9.
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Xu H, Eisenberg DL, Madden T, Secura GM, Peipert JF. Medical contraindications in women seeking combined hormonal contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Mar;210(3):210.e1-5.
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Grossman D, Fuentes L. Over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives as a reproductive healthcare strategy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2013;25(6):500-5.
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Grimes DA, Lopez LM, O’Brien PA, Raymond EG. Progestin-only pills for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 11:CD007541.

Grossman D. Should women have over-the-counter access to oral contraceptive pills? Expert Review of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013;8(5):389-91.
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McIntosh J, Wahlin B, Grindlay K, Batchelder M, Grossman D. Insurance and access implications of an over-the-counter switch for a progestin-only pill. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2013;45(3):164-9.
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Havrilesky LJ, Moorman PG, Lowery WJ, et al. Oral contraceptive pills as primary prevention for ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(1):139-47.

Brahmi D, Curtis KM. When can a woman start combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs)?: A systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):524-38.

Steenland MW, Rodriguez MI, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM. How does the number of oral contraceptive pill packs dispensed or prescribed affect continuation and other measures of consistent and correct use? A systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):605-10.

Steenland MW, Zapata LB, Brahmi D, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM. Appropriate follow up to detect potential adverse events after initiation of select contraceptive methods: A systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):611-24.

Steenland MW, Zapata LB, Brahmi D, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM. The effect of follow-up visits or contacts after contraceptive initiation on method continuation and correct use. Contraception. 2013;87(5):625-30.

Tepper NK, Curtis KM, Steenland MW, Marchbanks PA. Blood pressure measurement prior to initiating hormonal contraception: A systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):631-38.

Tepper NK, Steenland MW, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM. Laboratory screening prior to initiating contraception: A systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):645-49.

Tepper NK, Curtis KM, Steenland MW, Marchbanks PA. Physical examination prior to initiating hormonal contraception: A systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):650-54.

Grindlay K, Burns B, Grossman D. Prescription requirements and over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives: A global review. Contraception. 2013;88(1):91-6.
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Zapata LB, Steenland MW, Brahmi D, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM. Patient understanding of oral contraceptive pill instructions related to missed pills: A systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):674-84.

Grossman D, Grindlay K, Li R, Potter JE, Trussell J, Blanchard K. Interest in over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives among women in the United States. Contraception. 2013;88(4):544-52.

Bitzer J. Statement on combined hormonal contraceptives containing third- or fourth-generation progestogens or cyproterone acetate, and the associated risk of thromboembolism. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2013;18(3):143-47.

Shapiro S. Combined hormonal contraceptives and the risk of venous and arterial thromboembolism and cardiovascular death: misuse of automated databases. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2013;39(2):89-96.

Grossman D. Moving oral contraceptives over-the-counter as a strategy to reduce unintended pregnancy. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(11):839-40.
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Rafie S, McIntosh J, Gardner DK, Gawronski KM, Karaoui LR, Koepf ER, Lehman KJ, McBane S, Patel-Shori NM. Over-the-counter access to emergency contraception without age restriction: An opinion of the women’s health practice and research network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy. 2013;33(5):549-57.

Tepper NK, Curtis KM, Steenland MW, Marchbanks PA. Physical examination prior to initiating hormonal contraception: A systematic review. Contraception. 2013;87(5):650-54.

Parsons J, Adams C, Aziz N, Holmes J, Jawad R, Whittlesea C. Evaluation of a community pharmacy delivered oral contraception service. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2013;39(2):97-101.

Schwarz EB, Burch EJ, Parisi SM, Tebb KP, Grossman D, Mehrotra A, et al. Computer-assisted provision of hormonal contraception in acute care settings. Contraception. 2013;87(2):242-250.

Rafie S, Haycock M, Rafie S, Yen S, Harper CC. Direct pharmacy access to hormonal contraception: California physician and advanced practice clinician views. Contraception. 2012;86(6):687-93.

Zhu H, Lei X, Feng J, Wang Y. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2012;17(6):402-14.

Howard D, Wall J, Strickland J. Physician attitudes toward over the counter availability for oral contraceptives. Matern Child Health J. 2013;17(10):1737-43.
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Egan KR, Gleason CE. Longer duration of hormonal contraceptive use predicts better cognitive outcomes later in life. J Womens Health. 2012;21(12):1259-66.

Lessard LN, Karasek D, Ma S, Darney P, Deardorff J, Lahiff M, Grossman D, Foster DG. Contraceptive features preferred by women at high risk of unintended pregnancy. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2012;44(3):194-200.
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Warholm L, Petersen KR, Ravn P.. Combined oral contraceptives’ influence on weight, body composition, height, and bone mineral density in girls younger than 18 years: a systematic review. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2012;17(4):245-53.

Liang S-Y, Grossman D, Phillips K. User characteristics and out-of-pocket expenditures for progestin-only versus combined oral contraceptives. Contraception. 2012;86(6):666-72.
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Mantha S, Karp R, Raghavan V, Terrin N, Bauer KA, Zwicker JI. Assessing the risk of venous thromboembolic events in women taking progestin-only contraception: a meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012 August 7;345:e4944.
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Petitti DB. Hormonal contraceptives and arterial thrombosis — Not risk-free but safe enough (editorial). NEJM. 2012;366(24):2316-8.

Lidegaard Ø, Løkkegaard E, Jensen A, Skovlund CW, Keiding N. Thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction with hormonal contraception. NEJM. 2012;366(24):2257-66.

Dennis A, Grossman D. Barriers to contraception and interest in over-the-counter access among low-income women: A qualitative study. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2012 June;44(2).
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Hopkins K, Grossman D, White K, Amastae J, Potter JE. Reproductive health preventive screening among clinic vs. over-the-counter oral contraceptive users. Contraception. 2012 Oct;86(4):376-82.
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Wilkinson TA, Fahey N, Shields C, Suther E, Cabral HJ, Silverstein M. Pharmacy communication to adolescents and their physicians regarding access to emergency contraception. Pediatrics. 2012;129(4).

White K, Potter JE, Hopkins K, Fernández L, Amastae J, Grossman D. Contraindications to progestin-only oral contraceptive pills among reproductive-aged women. Contraception. 2012 Sep;86(3):199-203.
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Rafie S, El-Ibiary SY. Student pharmacist perspectives on providing pharmacy-access hormonal contraception services. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2011;51(6):762-65.

Grossman D. Over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives. Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2011;6(5):501-8.
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White KO, Westhoff C. The effect of pack supply on oral contraceptive pill continuation: A randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118(3):615-22.

Chakhtoura Z, Canonico M, Gompel A, et al. Progestogen-only contraceptives and the risk of acute myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(4):1169-74.

Foster DG, Hulett D, Bradsberry M, et al. Number of oral contraceptive pill packages dispensed and subsequent unintended pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:566-72.
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Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Nonspecific side effects of oral contraceptives: nocebo or noise? Contraception. 2011;83:5-9.

Grossman D, White K, Hopkins K, et al. Contraindications to combined oral contraceptives among over-the-counter compared with prescription users. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:558-65.
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Liang S-Y, Grossman D, Phillips KA. Women’s out-of-pocket expenditures and dispensing patterns for oral contraceptive pills between 1996 and 2006. Contraception. 2011;83(6):528-36.
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McIntosh J, Rafie S, Wasik M, McBane S, Lodise NM, El-Ibiary SY, et al. Changing oral contraceptives from prescription to over-the-counter status: An opinion statement of the Women’s Health Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy. 2011 Apr;31(4):424-37.
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Potter JE, McKinnon S, Hopkins K, Amastae J, Shedlin MG, Powers DA, Grossman D. Continuation of prescribed compared with over-the-counter oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:551-7.
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Westhoff CL, Jones HE, Guiahi M. Do new guidelines and technology make the routine pelvic examination obsolete? J Womens Health. 2011;20(1):5-10.

Wise A, O’Brien K, Woodruff T. Are oral contraceptives a significant contributor to the estrogenicity of drinking water? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011;45(1):51–60
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Grossman D, Fernández L, Hopkins K, Amastae J, Potter JE. Perceptions of the safety of oral contraceptives among a predominantly Latina population in Texas. Contraception. 2010 Mar;81:254–60.
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Hannaford PC, Iversen L, Macfarlane TV, Elliott AM, Angus V, Lee AJ. Mortality among contraceptive pill users: cohort evidence from Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraceptive Study. BMJ. 2010 Mar;340:c927.
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Henderson JT, Sawaya GF, Blum M, Stratton L, Harper CC. Pelvic examinations and access to oral hormonal contraception. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(6):1257-64.

Potter JE, White K, Hopkins K, Amastae J, Grossman D. Clinic versus over-the-counter access to oral contraception: choices women make along the US-Mexico border. Am J Public Health. 2010 Jun;100(6):1130-6.
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Fitzpatrick M. Caveat emptor. Br J Gen Pract. 2009;59(560):217.
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Grossman D, Jarvis S. Should the contraceptive pill be available without prescription? BMJ. 2009;338:202-3.
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Landau S, Besinque K, Chung F, Dries-Daffner I, Maderas NM, Taylor-McGhee B, et al. Pharmacist interest in and attitudes toward direct pharmacy access to hormonal contraception in the United States. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2009 Jan-Feb;49(1):43-50.
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Krishnamurti T, Eggers SL, Fischhoff B. The impact of over-the-counter availability of “Plan B” on teens’ contraceptive decision making. Soc Sci Med. 2008 Aug;67(4):618-27.

Barot S. Making the case for a ‘contraceptive convenience’ agenda. Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008;11(4):11-6.
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Gardner JS, Miller L, Downing DF, Le S, Blough D, Shotorbani S. Pharmacist prescribing of hormonal contraceptives: results of the Direct Access study. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2008 Mar-Apr;48(2):212-21; 5 p following 21.

Grossman D, Cackovic M, Paidas M. Viewpoints: Should oral contraceptives be sold over?the?counter? Contemporary Ob/Gyn. 2008 Sep:63-74.
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Grossman D, Fernandez L, Hopkins K, Amastae J, Garcia SG, Potter JE. Accuracy of self?screening for contraindications to combined oral contraceptive use. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Sep;112(3):572-8.
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Kishen M, Guthrie K, Robinson C, Dewart P, Elliman A. Over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives. Lancet. 2008 May 17;371:1663.

Nelson AL, Westhoff C, Schnare SM. Real-world patterns of prescription refills for branded hormonal contraceptives: a reflection of contraceptive discontinuation. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Oct;112(4):782-7.

Shiffman S, Sweeney CT. Ten years after the Rx-to-OTC switch of nicotine replacement therapy: what have we learned about the benefits and risks of non-prescription availability? Health Policy. 2008 Apr;86(1):17-26.

Stewart DC, George J, Bond CM, Cunningham IT, Diack HL, McCaig DJ. Exploring patients’ perspectives of pharmacist supplementary prescribing in Scotland. Pharm World Sci. 2008;30:892-7.

[No authors listed]. The case for preventing ovarian cancer. Lancet. 2008 Jan 26;371(9609):275.

Shortridge E, Miller K. Contraindications to oral contraceptive use among women in the United States, 1999-2001. Contraception. 2007;75(5):355-60.

Chin-Quee DS, Cuthbertson C, Janowitz B. Over-the-counter pill provision: Evidence from Jamaica. Stud Fam Plann. 2006;37(2):99-110.

Foster DG, Parvataneni R, Thiel de Bocanegra H, Lewis C, Bradsberry M, Darney P. Number of oral contraceptive pill packages dispensed, method continuation, and costs. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(5):1107-14.

Grossman D, Ellertson C, Abuabara K, Blanchard K. Barriers to contraceptive use present in product labeling and practice guidelines. Am J Pub Health. 2006;96(5):791-9.
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Landau SC, Tapias MP, Taylor McGhee B. Birth control within reach: a national survey on women’s attitudes toward and interest in pharmacy access to hormonal contraception. Contraception. 2006;74:463-70.
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Shotorbani S, Miller L, Blough DK, Gardner J. Agreement between women’s and providers’ assessment of hormonal contraceptive risk factors. Contraception. 2006;73(5):501-6.

Yeatman SE, Potter JE, Grossman DA. Over-the-counter access, changing WHO guidelines, and the prevalence of contraindicated oral contraceptive use in Mexico. Stud Fam Plann. 2006; 37(3):197–204.
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Nayak R, Brushwood D, Kimberlin C. Should oral contraceptives be sold without a prescription? An analysis of women’s risk and benefit perceptions regarding nonprescription birth control pills. Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2005;18(6):479-85.

Becker D, Garcia SG, Ellertson C. Do Mexico City pharmacy workers screen women for health risks when they sell oral contraceptive pills over-the-counter? Contraception . 2004;69:295-9.

Moos MK, Bartholomew NE, Lohr KN. Counseling in the clinical setting to prevent unintended pregnancy: an evidence-based research agenda. Contraception. 2003;67(2):115-32.

Mead H. Making birth control more accessible to women: a cost-benefit analysis of over-the-counter oral contraceptives. IWPR. 2001;A126:1-9.

Ratanajamit C, Chongsuvivatwong V. Survey of knowledge and practice on oral contraceptive and emergency contraceptive pills of drugstore personnel in Hat Yai, Thailand. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2001;10:149-56.

Shah MA, Shah NM, Al-Rahmani E, Behbehani J, Radovanovic Z. Over-the-counter use of oral contraceptives in Kuwait. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001;73(3):243-51.

[No authors listed]. No over-the-counter OCs, say family planners. Contracept Technol Update. 1998 Oct;19(10):128.
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Forman SF, Emans SJ, Kelly L, Beal J, Goodman E. Attitudes of female college students toward over-the-counter availability of oral contraceptives. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 1997;10:203-7.

Youngkin EQ, Davis MR, Kolb KW. Making oral contraceptives available over-the-counter. Nurse Pract. 1996;21:13,133-4,43-4.

Grimes DA. Over-the-counter oral contraceptives: an idea whose time has not quite come! Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1995;50(6):411-2.

Murphy P, Kirkman A, Hale RW. A national survey of women’s attitudes toward oral contraception and other forms of birth control. Womens Health Issues. 1995;5(2):94-9.

Potts M, Denny C. Safety implications of transferring the oral contraceptive from prescription-only to over-the-counter status. Drug Saf. 1995;13(6):333-7.

Halperin EC. Oral contraceptives as an over-the-counter medication. N C Med J. 1994;55(5): 183-6.

Grimes DA. Editorial: Over-the-counter oral contraceptives–an immodest proposal? Am J Pub Health. 1993;83(8):1092-4.
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Trussell J, Stewart F, Potts M, Guest F, Ellertson C. Should oral contraceptives be available without prescription? Am J Pub Health. 1993 Aug;83(8):1094-9.
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Zavala AS, Perez-Gonzales M, Miller P, Welsh M, Wilkens LR, Potts M. Reproductive risks in a community-based distribution program of oral contraceptives, Matamoros, Mexico. Stud Fam Plann. 1987 Sep-Oct;18(5):284-90.

Measham AR. Self-prescription of oral contraceptives in Bogota, Colombia. Contraception. 1976;13:333-40.

Atkinson L, Castadot R, Cuadros A, Rosenfield AG. Oral contraceptives: Considerations of safety in nonclinical distribution. Stud Fam Plann. 1974;5:242-9.

Black TR. Oral contraceptive prescription requirements and commercial availability in 45 developing countries. Stud Fam Plann. 1974;5:250-4.

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News Articles and Commentary

Hellmann J. Advocated face tough path to OTC birth control. The Hill. 2019 July 25.
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Grossman D. OTC birth control: Answering attacks on access. Women’s eNews. 2019 July 24.
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Abrams A. Can over-the-counter control become a bipartisan issue? TIME. 2019 June 21.
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Ruiz-Grossman S. What you need to know about over-the-counter birth control. Huffpost. 2019 June 17.
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Merrow I. All your faves introduced a bill for free birth control without a prescription. Betches. 2019 June 14.
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Tso T. The “Beyonces of birth control”: Freshman reps introduce OTC bill. Refinery29. 2019 June 13.
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Ceron E. This new bill wants to make over-the-counter birth control pill accessible for everyone. MTV. 2019 June 13.
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Friedmann S. Over-the-counter birth control would be (actually) accessible under this new bill. Bustle. 2019 June 13.
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Williams J. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez says birth control for women should be free and sold over-the-counter. Newsweek. 2019 June 8.
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Sawyer H. Coalition wants to bring birth control over the counter, with insurance coverage. Arnold Ventures. 2019 June 4.
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Lowe T. Make birth control over the counter. Washington Examiner. 2019 May 20.
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Glassman T. #FreeThePill: Birth control should be available without a prescription. Scary Mommy. 2019 May 10.
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Radding M. It shouldn’t be this difficult to get birth control pills. Ms. Magazine. 2019 May 9.
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Borne G. Make birth control a personal decision, not a prescribed one. The Lion’s Roar. 2019 Apr 9.
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Des Moines Register Editorial Board. Women should not need any prescription for birth control pills. Des Moines Register. 2019 Feb 27.
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Celletti E. Over-the-counter birth control: will it ever exist? Brides. 2019 Feb 7.
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Brown E.N. Over-the-counter contraception is immensely popular. Democrats have doomed it. Reason. 2019 Jan 16.
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Blanchard K. It’s time for an over-the-counter birth control pill. Truthout. 2019 Jan 8. 
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Wilkinson T. Why we need an over-the-counter birth control pill. Scary Mommy. 2018 Dec 5.
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Heath H. The ever-evolving politics of birth control. Independent Women’s Forum. 2018 Nov 28.
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Edwards M. 4 reasons why we need birth control pills available over the counter right now. HelloGiggles. 2018 Nov 13.
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Rafie S. There’s still work to be done when it comes to birth control access. Desert Sun. 2018 Aug 26. 
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O’Loughlin D. Prescriptions should not be necessary to get the pill. The Irish Times. 2018 Aug 14.  
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Francis E. AMA encourages oral contraceptive OTC option sin policy update. Pink Sheet. 2018 Jun 21.  
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Thielking M. Pressure mounts on drug makers to move birth control over the counter. STAT. 2018 Jun 8.  
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Young J.A. Truth about contraceptives. The Times Argus. 2018 Apr 26. 
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Leriche L. Birth control not an optional expense. Stowe Reporter. 2018 Apr 19.
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McDonald-Mosley R. Opinion: Black women need better access to reproductive healthcare. Black Press USA. 2018 Mar 20.
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Press Release Planned Parenthood Vermont action fund pushes passage of H.869. VT Digger. 2018. Feb 22.  
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Fratti K. Why isn’t birth control available over the counter? Turns out, it already should be. Hello Giggles. 2018. Feb 19.  
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Kirk E. There’s no good reason why the pill shouldn’t be available over the counter. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2018 Feb 9.   
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Grossman D and Grindlay Kelly K. These birth control pills should be available without a prescription. Teen Vogue. 2018 Feb 2.  
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Prax M. Getting birth control over the counter has a sticking point. AOL. 2017 Dec 30. 
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Singer J. End the ban on over-the-counter oral contraceptives. STAT. 2017 Dec 19.
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Sheridan K. Birth control apps make life easier, but women shouldn’t even need them. Newsweek. 2017 Oct 25. 
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Hinkle A.B. Here’s how to end the fight over birth control. Richmond Times-Dispatch. 2017 Oct 17.  
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Hess A. Put the pill on drugstore shelves. Pregnancy is more dangerous than birth control. Slate. 2013 April 23.
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Stoeffel K. Why isn’t the pill available over the counter? New York Magazine. 2013 April 22.
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Rosenthal E. Is it time for off-the-shelf birth-control pills? New York Times. 2013 April 20.
Click here to access

Culp-Ressler T. Unlike the U.S., most countries offer birth control pills over the counter. ThinkProgress. 2013 January 2.

Grens K. Most countries offer the Pill over-the-counter. Reuters. 2013 January 2.
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Jindal B. The end of birth-control politics. The Wall Street Journal. 2012 December 13.
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USA Today Editorial Board. Editorial: Birth control pill proposal not easy to take. USA Today. 2012 November 28.
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Breeden J. Opposing view: Make the pill more accessible. USA Today. 2012 November 28.
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Wilson J. Physicians: Birth control should be sold without a prescription. CNN. 2012 November 21.
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Phillips-Chou L. Make ‘the pill’ over-the-counter, doctors say. ABC News. 2012 November 21.
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Painter K. OB-GYN group: Birth control pill should be on shelves. USA Today. 2012 November 21.
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Neergaard L. OB/GYNs back over-the-counter birth control pills. Associated Press. 2012 November 20.
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Quijano E. Doctors call for birth control to be sold over the counter. CBS Evening News. 2012 November 20.
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Jaslow R. OB/GYN society says birth control pill should be sold over-the-counter. CBS News. 2012 November 20.
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Rettner R. Birth control pills shouldn’t need prescription, docs say. NBC News. 2012 November 20.
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Grens K. Ob-gynecologists endorse over-the-counter birth control. Chicago Tribune. 2012 November 20.
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Bardin J. Largest OB-GYN organization urges over-the-counter birth control. LA Times. 2012 November 20.
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Rubin R. Medical group: Sell the pill without prescription. Web MD. 2012 November 20.
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Allan N. Biggest ideas of the year 2012: Sell the pill over the counter. The Atlantic. 2012 July/August.
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Mencimer S. Holding birth control hostage. Mother Jones. 2012 May 2.
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Bates C. Girls aged 13 ‘should be given the contraceptive Pill from pharmacies without a prescription’ claims NHS report. Mail Online. 2012 April 26.
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[No authors listed]. Widen over-the-counter pill access, says NHS report. BBC News. 2012 April 25.
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Crawford E. Birth control primed for switch. The Tan Sheet. 2012 April 2; 20(14):8.
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Edney A. Doctors pressure FDA for nonprescription birth control pills. Bloomberg Businessweek. 2012 March 23.

Drum K. Lots of countries don’t require prescriptions for oral contraceptives. Mother Jones. 2012 March 19.
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Reisman A. Of course birth control pills should be sold over the counter. Slate. 2012 March 19.
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[No authors listed]. Should the pill be accessible without a prescription? Bedsider. 2012 March 15.
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Potts M. A contraception game-changer. Los Angeles Times. 2012 February 20.
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Inez McGuire K. !Si, se puede!? For Latinas and other uninsured women, gaps remain in access to birth control. RH Reality Check. 2011 August 05.
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Rochman B. An argument for making birth control pills available over the counter. Time. 2011 March 1.
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Melnick M. Are doctors’ exams a barrier to birth control? Time. 2010 December 6.
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Moore K and Thorne-Thomsen A. Pushing the boundaries for women’s health: why over-the-counter access for the pill makes sense… now.  RH Reality Check. 2010 August 10.
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[No authors listed]. Is it time to bring OCs over the counter? Contraceptive Technology Update. 2010 July.
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Crawford E. Advocates for switching birth control pill face social, risk obstacles. The Tan Sheet. 2010 July 26; 18(30):1-3. Download

Melnick M. Should the birth-control pill be sold without a prescription? Newsweek. 2010 July 7.
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Diament S. Letter. The pill, over the counter? New York Times. 2010 June 26: A18. Print.
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Fleck N. Letter. The pill, over the counter? New York Times. 2010 June 26: A18. Print.
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Blanchard K. Let the pill go free. New York Times. 2010 June 22: A27. Print.
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Brown R. The pill without a prescription? Salon.com. 2010 June 22.
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Carmon I. What if the pill were over the counter? Jezebel. 2010 June 22.
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Moore K. The pill at 50: don’t stop believin’. Huffington Post. 2010 May 10.
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Rubin R. The pill: 50 years of birth control changed women’s lives. USA Today. 2010 May 7.
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Cullins V. Autonomy in contraceptive choice: the time has come. Collective Voices. 2009 Oct:27-30.
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Scott C. Over-the-counter contraceptives & women of color: advantages & disadvantages. Collective Voices. 2009 Oct:26.
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Schwartzapfel B. Inconvenient contraception. The American Prospect. 2009 March 17.
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Hall L. Over-the-counter pill push. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2008 February 24.
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OTC Contraceptive Coverage Policy Resources:

“Gold standard” of Contraceptive Coverage
Click here to access

Guide to OTC Contraceptive Coverage
Click here to access

Hill Memo – An OTC Coverage Overview for Federal Policies
Click here to access

Model Contraceptive Equity Act. NHeLP.
Click here to access

Webinar: An Over-the-Counter Birth Control Pill Is Coming: Building the Legal & Policy Framework for Insurance Coverage and Accessibility
Click here to access

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Public Opinion Surveys:

Frederiksen B, Ranji U, Salganicoff A, Long M. Women’s sexual and reproductive health services: Key findings from the 2020 KFF Women’s Health Survey. kff.org. 2021 April 21.
Click here to access

Grindlay K, Grossman D. Interest in over-the-counter access to progestin-only pill among women in the United States. Womens Health Issues. 2018, Mar-Apr; 28(2): 144-151.
Click here to request

Anderson KS. Poll: Young Republicans, birth control, and public policy. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. 2015 March.
Click here to access

Riccardi N and Agiesta J. Poll: Economy, health care eclipse social issues. The Washington Times. 2014 October 31.
Click here to access

Elkins E. Poll: 70% favor legalizing over-the-counter birth control. Reason.com. 2014 October 20.
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Grindlay K, Foster DG, Grossman D. Attitudes toward over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives among a sample of abortion clients in the United States. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2014;46(2):83-8.
Click here to request

Grossman D, Grindlay K, Li R, Potter JE, Trussell J, Blanchard K. Interest in over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives among women in the United States. Contraception. 2013;88(4):544-52.
Click here to request

Reason.com. Reason-Rupe public opinion survey: May 2013 topline results. Reason.com. 2013 May 17.
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Dennis A, Grossman D. Barriers to contraception and interest in over-the-counter access among low-income women: A qualitative study. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2012 June;44(2).
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Grossman D, Fernández L, Hopkins K, Amastae J, Potter JE. Perceptions of the safety of oral contraceptives among a predominantly Latina population in Texas. Contraception. 2010 Mar;81:254–60.
Click here to request

Landau SC, Tapias MP, Taylor McGhee B. Birth control within reach: a national survey on women’s attitudes toward and interest in pharmacy access to hormonal contraception. Contraception. 2006;74:463-70.
Click here to request

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Links to Related Projects

Australian National Health Amendment (Fifth Community Pharmacy Agreement Initiatives) Bill 2011: allows pharmacists to dispense one pack of oral contraceptives to women who previously had the medication prescribed by a doctor
Click here to access

New Zealand Submission for Reclassification of Selected Oral Contraceptives: to allow supply without prescription by pharmacists
Click here to access

NHS Lambeth and Southwark pilot program: provides OCs directly in pharmacies in London
About
Final Report: Evaluation of Oral Contraception in Community Pharmacy Pilot in Southwark and Lambeth

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Professional Organization Resolutions or Policies Related to OCs OTC

The National Congress of American Indians Resolution #PDX-20-049: Free the Pill. November 2020.
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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee Opinion No 788 (replacing No 544): Over-the-counter access to hormonal contraception. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2019; 134(4): e96-105
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American Medical Association (AMA) Resolution No 110-A-17: Over-the-counter contraceptive drug access. June 2018.
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American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) Resolution No 501: Endorse access without age restriction to over-the-counter oral contraceptive pills. April 2016.
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American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) Resolution: The AAFP supports over-the-counter access to oral contraception without a prescription. July 2014.
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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Statement on Pharmacist Prescribing Laws 2016 January 4.
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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee Opinion No 615: Access to contraception. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2015; 125(1):250–5.
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American Medical Association Resolution D-75.995 (Sub. Res. 507, A-13): Over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives. American Medical Association. 2013.
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American Medical Association – Medical Student Section Resolution 4: Over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives. American Medical Association. 2013.
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American Public Health Association Policy Statement: Improving access to over-the-counter contraception by expanding insurance coverage. Policy number 20111, November 2011.
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Women’s Health Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Opinion Statement: McIntosh J, Rafie S, Wasik M, McBane S, Lodise NM, El-Ibiary SY, et al. Changing oral contraceptives from prescription to over-the-counter status: An opinion statement of the Women’s Health Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy. 2011 Apr;31(4):424-37.
Click here to access

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Other Resources

World Health Organization (WHO). WHO consolidated guideline on self-care interventions for health: Sexual and reproductive health and rights. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.
Click here to access

US Food and Drug Administration. Response to citizen petition to make oral contraceptives available over the counter. 2016 December.
Click here to access

Ibis Reproductive Health. Over-the-counter birth control pills: background on progestin-only pills. 2016 September.
Click here to access

Ibis Reproductive Health. Moving the birth control pill over the counter. 2015 July.
Click here to access

Ibis Reproductive Health. Advocates’ opinions on moving oral contraceptives over the counter. 2015 May.
Click here to access

Ibis Reproductive Health. A national survey of US women’s interest in over-the-counter access to oral contraceptives. 2013 June 3.
Click here to access

National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health: Over-the-counter birth control will benefit Latina health. 2012 November 20.
Click here to access

Grossman D. Comments to FDA on Docket No. FDA–2012–N–0171: Conditions of safe use and hormonal contraception. 2012 May 6.
Click here to request

Native American Community Board. Indigenous women’s dialogue: Roundtable report on the accessibility of Plan B as an over the counter (OTC) within Indian Health Service. Native American Women’s Health Education Resource Center. 2012 February.
Click here to access

US Food and Drug Association, Department of Health and Human Services. [Docket No. FDA-2012-N-0171] Notice of public hearing: Using innovative technologies and other conditions of safe use to expand which drug products can be considered nonprescription; Public Hearing.
Click here to access

Reproductive Health Technologies Project. Fact Sheet: “Is there estrogen from birth control in my water?!?” Washington, DC: Reproductive Health Technologies Project. December 2010.
Click here to access

Fogel SB, Reid DA. Fact Sheet: Expanding access to over-the-counter family planning drugs and supplies. Washington, DC: National Health Law Program. November 2009.
Click here to request

Blanchard K. RE: Docket No. 2007N-0356 in the October 4, 2007 Federal Register (Vol 72; No 192). Comment to: FDA Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305). 2007 December 17.
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The Oral Contraceptives Over-the-Counter Working Group is now the Free the Pill coalition!

We are excited to expand our work under the Free the Pill umbrella and continue to leverage the expertise of coalition members to improve and expand equitable contraceptive access. Please visit the Free the Pill website to learn more about the coalition and how organizations and professionals can get involved.

As part of this change, the OCs OTC website has been archived and is being kept available as a historical resource to highlight the work that members of the OCs OTC Working Group have been engaged in since 2004 to build the evidence in support of OTC birth control pills in the United States. If you have any questions about the Free the Pill coalition and our work, please reach out.